The references below are organised into two groups so it is clear what each one supports. DPNCheck device evidence validates the nerve conduction device that BeyondA1C uses. BeyondA1C clinical basis is the wider literature that establishes the rationale for the approach. Neither group is a study of the BeyondA1C screen or the Boston Diabetes Risk Score directly; that evidence sits in our validation reports.
DPNCheck device evidence
28 publicationsOriginal research using DPNCheck
1
Fukuda T, Fujii A, et al. (2025)
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy measured using a point-of-care sural nerve conduction device is associated with faster decline in renal function in type 2 diabetes.
J Diabetes Investig
2
Tatsuhito H, Hideki K, et al. (2025)
Electrophysiological diagnosis using the coefficient of variation of R-R intervals and a point-of-care nerve conduction device is highly correlated to conventional electromyography for diabetic polyneuropathy.
J Diabetes Investig
3
Sakai M, Kato T, et al. (2024)
Predicting diabetic retinopathy stages using a simple nerve conduction measuring device, DPNCheck.
Front Clin Diabetes Healthc
4
Morita, et al. (2024)
Glycemic variability is associated with sural nerve conduction velocity in outpatients with type 2 diabetes: usefulness of a new point-of-care device.
J Diabetes Investig
5
Pleven S, Papanas N, Gatt A, Formosa C. (2024)
Screening for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: subjective versus objective measures.
Int J Low Extrem Wounds
6
Damm J, et al. (2024)
Presence of neuropathy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes evaluated with bedside modalities.
J Diabetes Complications
7
Hayashi, et al. (2024)
Simplified electrophysiological approach combining a point-of-care nerve conduction device and an electrocardiogram produces an accurate diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy.
J Diabetes Investig
8
Goonoo MS, et al. (2023)
489-P: Abnormal combined point-of-care-device DPNCheck and SUDOSCAN results predict all-cause mortality in people with diabetes.
Diabetes
9
Fukuda T, et al. (2023)
Association between diabetic peripheral neuropathy measured using a point-of-care sural nerve conduction device and urinary albumin excretion in type 2 diabetes.
J Clin Med
10
Ke J, et al. (2023)
A nomogram for predicting vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy among mild diabetic retinopathy patients.
Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes
11
Nattero-Chavez L, et al. (2022)
Point-of-care sural nerve conduction could predict the presence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes.
J Diabetes Investig
12
Kamiya H, et al. (2021)
A point-of-care nerve conduction device predicts the severity of diabetic polyneuropathy: a quantitative but easy-to-use prediction model.
J Diabetes Investig
13
Sheshah E, et al. (2020)
Integrating microvascular assessments into one clinic, in an annual one-stop approach.
J Diabetes Metab Disord Control
14
Pafili K, et al. (2020)
Clinical tools for peripheral neuropathy to exclude cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Ther
15
Shibata Y, et al. (2019)
Validity and reliability of a point-of-care nerve conduction device in diabetes patients.
J Diabetes Investig
16
Papanas N, et al. (2019)
Automated measurement of sural nerve conduction is a useful screening tool for peripheral neuropathy in type 1 diabetes.
Rev Diabet Stud
17
Binns-Hall O, et al. (2018)
One-stop microvascular screening service: an effective model for the early detection of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and the high-risk foot.
Diabet Med
18
Scarr D, et al. (2018)
Validity of a point-of-care nerve conduction device for polyneuropathy identification in older adults with diabetes (Canadian Study of Longevity in Type 1 Diabetes).
PLoS One
19
Kural MA, et al. (2018)
The utility of a point-of-care sural nerve conduction device for detection of diabetic polyneuropathy: a cross-sectional study.
Muscle Nerve
20
Chatzikosma G, et al. (2016)
Evaluation of sural nerve automated nerve conduction study in the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes.
Arch Med Sci
21
Sharma S, et al. (2015)
Assessment of diabetic neuropathy using a point-of-care nerve conduction device shows significant associations with the LDIFLARE method and clinical neuropathy scoring.
J Diabetes Sci Technol
22
Lee JA, et al. (2014)
Reliability and validity of a point-of-care sural nerve conduction device for identification of diabetic neuropathy.
PLoS One
23
Perkins BA, et al. (2006)
Validation of a novel point-of-care nerve conduction device for the detection of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy.
Diabetes Care
Review articles about DPNCheck
24
Lew E, et al. (2022)
Diabetes distal peripheral neuropathy: subtypes and diagnostic and screening technologies.
J Diabetes Investig
25
Carmichael J, et al. (2021)
Advances in screening, early diagnosis and accurate staging of diabetic neuropathy.
Front Endocrinol
26
Himeno T, et al. (2020)
Strategies for clinical diagnosis and severity staging for diabetic polyneuropathy and future directions.
J Diabetes Investig
27
Selvarajah D, et al. (2019)
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: advances in diagnosis and strategies for screening and early intervention.
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol
28
Pafili K, et al. (2017)
NC-stat (DPNCheck) for the diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy.
Expert Rev Med Devices
Related: limitations of the comparator
Included for context. This study evaluates the monofilament test, the common alternative, not DPNCheck.
29
Dunker, et al. (2023)
Diagnostic accuracy of the 5.07 monofilament test for diabetes polyneuropathy: influence of age, sex, neuropathic pain and neuropathy severity.
BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care
BeyondA1C clinical basis
30 references🔬 Limits of HbA1c alone and the HbA1c to neuropathy link
A1C alone has significant limitations as a standalone measure of complication risk. HbA1c variability and level are associated with neuropathy severity and progression.
30
Su JB, et al. (2018)
HbA1c variability and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients.
Cardiovasc Diabetol
31
Lai YR, et al. (2019)
HbA1c variability is strongly associated with the severity of peripheral neuropathy.
Front Neurosci
32
Zhang Y, et al. (2017)
Lower eGFR and higher UACR predict diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
J Diabetes Complications
33
Kilpatrick ES, et al. (2008)
HbA1c variability and the risk of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes.
Diabet Med
34
Perkins BA, et al. (2001)
Glycemic control and the morphological severity of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Diabetes Care
36
Lee WJ, et al. (2022)
Association between HbA1c levels and diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes
38
Liu X, et al. (2019)
Risk factors for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a meta-analysis.
PLoS One
39
Lee SH, et al. (2016)
Correlation between HbA1c and neuropathy disability score.
Ann Rehabil Med
41
Gomes R, et al. (2020)
HbA1c variability and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 1 diabetes.
Diabetol Metab Syndr
45
Jin P, et al. (2016)
Glycemic variability and microvascular complications in diabetes.
Endocrine
👁 Neuropathy as a sentinel for retinopathy and microvascular risk
Evidence and screening guidelines supporting peripheral neuropathy as a sentinel marker for retinopathy risk and progression.
47
Cheema A, et al. (2023)
Prevalence and risk factors of retinopathy in type 1 diabetes.
J Clin Med
48
Raman R, et al. (2013)
Royal College of Ophthalmologists guidelines for diabetic retinopathy.
Eye
49
Romero-Aroca P, et al. (2017)
Update on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
J Ophthalmol
51
Solomon SD, Chew E, Aiello LP, et al. (2017)
Diabetic retinopathy: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association.
Diabetes Care
📋 Standards of care and clinical practice guidelines
Current guidelines from the American Diabetes Association, 2026 edition, providing the clinical context for the screening approach.
55
American Diabetes Association (2026)
Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026 (full guidelines).
Diabetes Care 2026;49(Suppl 1)
56
American Diabetes Association (2026)
12. Retinopathy, neuropathy, and foot care. Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026.
Diabetes Care 2026;49(Suppl 1):S261-S276
57
American Diabetes Association (2026)
2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes. Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026.
Diabetes Care 2026;49(Suppl 1):S27-S49
58
American Diabetes Association (2026)
Summary of revisions. Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026.
Diabetes Care 2026;49(Suppl 1):S6-S12
59
American Diabetes Association (2026)
11. Chronic kidney disease and risk management. Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026.
Diabetes Care 2026;49(Suppl 1)